焦点访谈丨黑土地上的“黑科技”
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焦点访谈丨黑土地上的“黑科技”
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<p class="ql-align-justify">“春种一粒粟，秋收万颗子。”谷雨一过，作为我国重要商品粮基地的东北地区已经从南往北开始春耕。春耕是全年粮食生产的首战，也是一年收成的基础。今年，黑龙江、吉林都启动了“千亿斤粮食”产能建设工程，重点推进良田、良种、良机、良法、智慧农业“四良一智”建设，促生产提产能，力争在更高水平上保障国家粮食安全。那么，今年东北的春耕有什么新的变化？在春耕中出现了哪些农业高科技？我们跟随记者一起去看看。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">这几天，谷雨节气刚过，黑龙江佳木斯市桦南县的农业合作社就开始播种玉米了。这是今年全县最早播种玉米的合作社，县里负责人也赶来帮忙协调。这家合作社今年选种的是一款新的早熟玉米品种，播种时间也比其他的品种要提前十天左右。别看只提前十天，但气温和地温也会低好几摄氏度。那么，在这样的低温条件下，种子能不能抗冻，出苗率能不能保证呢？别担心，现在农户们有了新的秘密武器。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>黑龙江佳木斯市桦南县田源富现代农机专业合作社社员 茹彬：</strong>主要是包衣，这个包衣特别厉害，种植当中疾病少，就是说在这个春天播早的时候可以抗低温。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">种子表面包裹的花花绿绿的衣服叫包衣，是一种化学合成的专业种衣剂，能够起到保护种子、抗寒抗病的作用。这在气候严寒、气温偏低的北方地区对春耕播种非常管用。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">种子包衣是一项促进农业增产丰收的高新技术。简单来说，就是将杀虫剂、杀菌剂、复合肥料等多种成分按一定比例均匀包覆在种子表面，形成一层药膜，不仅能让种子防病抗寒，还能给种子提供养分，促进其生长。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">以前，这项技术还不够成熟，没有推广普及，种子在播种后，常常因虫害、不耐寒等情况，死亡率较高。近年来，随着我国农业科研工作不断进步，这项种子包衣技术也逐渐成熟和完善。当地相关部门在进行调研和试验后，也针对各地不同情况，对这项技术进行推广普及。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">在黑龙江，这种用上包衣的种子在市场上很受欢迎，很多农户都选择购买这种种子，以提高播种成活率。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">每一项种子培育和养护技术的发展进步，都凝聚了科研人员大量的心血和努力。这个看似简单的种子包衣，其背后也大有学问。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">粮食作物的种子品种有很多，研究人员要针对每个品种的特性，进行专业而复杂的分析，为它量身定做一个适合的包衣方案。而同一个种子品种，也还要根据它实际种植地区的土壤、气候等条件，进行更精细的分析，制定出最匹配的包衣配方。之后，再经过反复试验，不断改良、调整，最终才能为这个种子确定一款属于它自己的包衣。可以说，要经历无数次尝试和失败，才能取得突破和进步。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">在黑龙江哈尔滨市的一家种子研发生产企业，技术人员正在试验田里进行一种玉米包衣的播种试验。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>北大荒垦丰种业股份有限公司农艺技术实验室主任 鲁巍：</strong>我们每年大概会做千余份不同处理种衣剂的包衣方案，根据品种特性、种植区域、病虫害的发生特点，制定专属的包衣配方，这样的话针对性更好，也会达到更经济、更节约、更有效的方式。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">为了让种子包衣技术更好发挥效应，应用于春耕生产，黑龙江省从去年开始每年拿出上千万资金，对大豆等作物种植面积大、病害严重的一些地区，给予农户购买种衣剂补贴等优惠政策，以促进技术推广、提高春耕播种质量。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">现在，用上种子包衣技术的农户们可以选择很多以前不敢种、担心不耐寒不抗病的早熟品种。能早播种、早收割，种的粮食和作物就能抢占商机，在市场上卖个好价钱。一些有大型机械的合作社还可以利用时间差，用腾出来的农机给其他农户播种，增加一项收入。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">种子是农业的“芯片”，好种子带来好收成。近年来，为提高粮食作物的产量和质量，在国家政策推动下，各地都在整合资源，加大对良种培育和养护的科研工作，把好种子牢牢攥在中国人自己的手中。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">而要实现农业的高质量发展，不仅需要“良种”，还需要“良机”。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">在吉林四平市梨树县的一块万亩玉米试验田。一台大型机械正在忙着播种玉米。这个大家伙不是普通的播种机，而是叫免耕播种一体机。别看它模样有点怪，动作看起来似乎也不是很敏捷，但却有着大本领。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>吉林四平市梨树县诚农农机专业合作社负责人 刘凤芝：</strong>我们一台机器就把这4个车都解决了，用不了那么多司机了。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">这一个机器就能顶4台车，听起来的确很能干。通常农户们用传统方法进行播种，需要4个步骤。首先要把播种带上还田的秸秆用机器全部清理出去，然后对田地进行深耕、平整，再由播种机进入地里进行播种、施肥，最后再给播下的种子浇水。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">这4个步骤需要4台不同的车来回进出，不仅花费的人力物力多，而且车辆反复碾压，也会对耕地造成破坏。如今用这台新研发的播种机，只需要走一趟，就能把这4个步骤按顺序全部一次完成，是一种既高效、节省成本，又保护耕地的耕作方式。</p>
<p class="ql-align-center"><div style="text-align:center"></div></p>
<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>中国农业大学吉林梨树实验站副站长 王贵满：</strong>免耕播种可以在秸秆很多情况下进行播种。土地不均匀的条件下，用这个机器也能实现均匀播种，这是最大的变化，更加标准化了，更加智能化了。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">这台新型播种机是由中国农业大学的科研团队联合当地一家专业农机公司共同投资研发的。研发团队用三年时间，成功研发出这款调耕和播种一体化的机器，其耕作的效率和精准度与传统机器相比，有了大幅提高。目前，这款机器已经在吉林当地一些地区应用，并取得不错的效果。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">刘凤芝是当地一家农业合作社的负责人，她对这款新机器也很感兴趣。因为这款新机器还在试用阶段，机器的研发和技术人员也来到现场进行指导。一位驾驶员因为对新机器不熟悉，操作不当导致机器出现了故障。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">技术人员告诉刘凤芝，这台机器更精细、更智能，使用时一定要遵守操作规范，农机操作人员也需要跟上现代农业发展的步伐，不断学习新技能。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">为更好推广应用新型农业机械，以提高播种效率、保护耕地，当地政府对购买这款新型机器的农户给予一定的补贴，并为研发单位颁发农业新技术奖项。今年吉林省使用免耕播种机已经达5万台，更为高效、高质量的耕作技术正在逐步推广普及。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">在吉林四平市的另外一家农场，今年在春耕中也用上了新装备。这里使用的播种机装上了一套更智能化、数字化的设备，这就是由长春理工大学的专业团队研发的智能化种子漏播报警器。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">种子漏播通常是因为播种机出现故障或者意外情况，导致一部分种子没有成功播种上。如果种子漏播，没有及时发现和补种，将导致部分耕地缺苗、荒废，使粮食减产。以往农户在使用播种机的时候，最担心出现这种种子漏播的情况。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify">通常播种机在工作时，会同时覆盖至少四垄地，最多的能覆盖十多垄。这么大的耕地面积，出现了漏播但却不知道具体位置，以往只能靠农民用人工一垄一垄地花大力气去找，既费时间又费人力。能不能通过高科技手段，精确地找到漏播点呢？</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">当地政府和企业找到长春理工大学的专业研究团队寻求帮助。经过数年研究和反复试验，研究团队研制出一套智能化漏播警报系统，能准确发现漏播点，并以此为基础，把所有播种和施肥数据采集起来，形成一套数字化管理控制系统。这套系统不仅能提醒漏播，还能精准控制施肥量，降低农户的生产成本，提高耕作效率。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">目前，当地政府正在部署更系统性的现代化农机研发工作，希望以先进技术助力，推动农业耕作技术升级换代，促进现代化农业向高质量发展进一步迈进。</p>
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<p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>吉林省农业农村厅副厅长 麦朝：</strong>加快智能农机、智能装备制造与农业技术整合和相互融合的力度，让全产业链、全环节的数字化，在更广阔的空间内得到广泛的生产、推广和应用。</p>
<p class="ql-align-justify">随着消费水平提升，我国的粮食需求仍在增长，全面提升粮食产能，对保障粮食安全意义重大。而对于人多地少、人均耕地面积有限的我国来说，要推动粮食产能迈上新台阶，离不开科技这个第一生产力。刚才我们看到，不论是种子技术的秘密武器，还是农业新装备的推广使用，都是借助于科技，提高农业生产的效率，挖掘粮食生产的潜能。藏粮于地、藏粮于技，抓住科技这个牛鼻子，优化提升粮食生产的各个环节，才能推进农业高质量发展，实现新一轮千亿斤粮食产能的提升。</p><br><br><br>来源网址：https://www.sohu.com/a/671430563_429139
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